Orbital eccentricity

Examples of four orbital trajectories with different eccentricities

In astrodynamics, orbital eccentricity shows how much the shape of an object's orbit is different from a circle.

Eccentricity ($e$) is defined for all circular, elliptic, parabolic and hyperbolic orbits. It can take the following values:

• for circular orbits: $e$ is equal to zero,
• for elliptical orbits: $e$ is more than zero but less than 1,
• for parabolic trajectories: $e$ is equal to 1,
• for hyperbolic trajectories: $e$ is more than 1.

Finding eccentricity

Here is a formula to find eccentricity:

$e_{obj}=\frac{r_a-r_p}{r_a+r_p}$

Where e_obj is the eccentricity, r_a is the apoapsis (far point) of the object's orbit, and r_p is the periapsis (near point) of the object's orbit. The near and far points are the apsides.